Development and practical test of a weighable groundwater lysimeter for floodplain sites

Presently, the soil water balance of flood‐influenced soils in fluvial plains is insufficiently described. The new development of a weighable groundwater lysimeter is the basis for recording the water‐balance components precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, capillary rise, and interaction with the water course. Soil‐hydrologic measuring setups at two floodplain sites of the Elbe river serve for direct comparability of lysimeter measurements with data obtained on site. A groundwater control was designed for lysimeters that automatically adjusts the current groundwater level at the floodplain measuring setups and quantifies inflow into or outflow from the lysimeter. It turned out that the lysimeter developed is capable of identifying the individual water‐balance quantities at high accuracy. Contrary to previous assumptions, it was possible to prove groundwater recharge for the floodplain sites.     

干旱缺水地区森林植被蒸散耗水研究

 系统总结近年来在宁夏固原六盘山、北京延庆等干旱缺水地区进行的森林植被蒸散耗水研究结果。乔、灌、草作为土壤水分限制型生态系统的坡面植被,蒸散都是水分平衡的最大分项,其中植被蒸腾又是蒸散的最大分项。植被蒸散量一般表现为高大乔木林>亚乔木林>灌木林>自然草地,但人工草地>自然草地。可依坡面产水功能将不同植被分类,自然草地和灌丛为水源生产型,亚乔木林为水源平衡型,高大乔木林和人工草地为水源消耗型。植株密度不是坡面植被蒸散大小的决定性因子,其作用更多的是调控蒸腾量及其占蒸散比例。虽然降低植株密度一般会减小蒸散,但并不是相同比例地线性下降,不同植被类型反应也不一样,表现出降低密度减少蒸散的作用从乔木、亚乔木到灌木而变弱的趋势,降低密度减少蒸散的作用是有限的。对降低密度减少蒸散的作用大小,作为调控措施的有效性,有效的密度调控范围等,还需严格的对比实验和理论研究。估计和评价植被蒸散耗水时,用叶面积指数或叶生长量指标可能比密度更符合生物学逻辑。从在干旱缺水地区建立节水、稳定、高效、多功能的坡面植被的角度而言,草地和灌丛的蒸散低于乔木林,建立稀树草原或稀树灌丛式的植被可能更利于流域产水和植被稳定。从小流域管理的角度而言,还需考虑在土壤水分承载力空间差异的基础上,探讨能兼顾产水功能、水土保持、水源涵养、植被稳定的植被空间优化配置的理论和技术。     

Estimation of associative nitrogen fixation in relation to water regime and plant nutrition in a long-term pot experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The contribution of associative N₂ fixation to the N nutrition of lowland rice was estimated in a long-term pot experiment with ten consecutive crops of rice. The experiment comprised two N and two K levels with wet (WF) and dry fallow (DF) between the cropping seasons. Growth of N₂-fixing cyanobacteria was prevented. Greatest yields were obtained in the high NK fertilizer treatment, but with continuation of the experiment yields responsed more to DF than to WF. Nitrogenase activity, however, was favoured by WF. Higher K application increased and higher N application decreased nitrogenase activity. Under WF treatments the organic C and total N contents of the soil remained unchanged during the experimental period, but alternate drying and flooding in DF treatments caused a decline. Lower N fertilizer rates in the second five-crop period did not affect yields, but increased the ratio of N removed to N applied. For the ten-crop period the estimated N balance was positive in the low-N and negative in the high-N treatments. N balances were also established separately for both the first and the second halves of the ten-crop period. In the first period N losses were higher, and the N balance was mostly negative. In the second period only high-N combined with low-K fertilization resulted in a negative N balance. DF favoured N losses in the first but not in the second period. The highest N gain in the second period was found in the DF treatment with low-N and high-K application. In this treatment, nearly one-quarter of the N taken up by the above-ground parts of the plants could be ascribed to associative N₂ fixation. In the corresponding treatment with the higher N level and a 49% higher yield, the contribution of fixed N declined to less than 5%. When harvested straw contained more than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was mostly negative, while at N contents less than 10 mg N g^–1, the N balance was generally positive.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式耕作土壤氮素含量与循环

通过对洞庭湖典型地区的密集采样分析和农户调查,研究了4种利用方式耕作土壤全N、微生物生物量氮(MB-N)含量、两者关系和N素循环特征。结果表明:耕作土壤全N、MB-N含量平均值为3.00±0.48g/kg和101.4±49.2mg/kg。双季稻、一季稻、水田旱作和旱地全N平均含量依次为3.12±0.40g/kg、3.03±0.39g/kg、2.79±0.43g/kg2、.10±0.46g/kg。4种利用方式的MB-N含量分别为124.0±56.6mg/kg、96.4±39.2mg/kg、108.0±48.6mg/kg、75.2±30.5mg/kg。除水田旱作外,MB-N与全N之间存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。土壤N素盈余量依次为双季稻(105.0kg/hm2.a)>一季稻(75.1kg/hm2.a)>水田旱作油菜(64.5kg/hm2.a)>旱地苎麻(51.9kg/hm2.a)。     

广西旱地分带间套轮作试验示范研究

于1986～1988年,在广西六个县、市进行了旱地分带种植试验、示范,已取得了预期效果。(1)经济产量比对照高187.9kg/亩,增产44.4%;(2)纯收入比对照高108.1元/亩,增收83.7%;(3)每个工日产粮、产值比对照分别高7.6 kg、2.7元/工,增54.7%、37.0%;每元投入产粮、产值比对照分别高1.2kg、0.7元,增33.3%、41.2%; (4)产/投能量效率高31%;每投一单位辅助能,产生物能,食物能比对照分剐高400kcal、120kcal;光能利用率及光能生产率此对照分别多0.17%,0.1%;(5)土地等量比率(L.E.R)为对照的4.4倍;(6)土壤肥力比对照有所提高。     

早熟芋艿平衡施肥技术研究

通过两年芋艿施肥田间试验，表明获得早熟芋艿高产、高效的施肥方案为N448．5kg／hm^2，P2O5 52．5kg／hm^2，K2O 180-270kg／hm^2，N-P2O5-K2O比例为1：0．12：0．40-0．60，并推荐有机无机复合肥与化肥配合施用，以获得更高的产量和效益。早熟芋艿生育期短，施用充足的氮肥才能保证芋艿在较短的生育期内获得较高的产量，芋艿还是一种喜钾作物，施用钾肥能明显促进芋艿高产；在土壤有效磷含量不足的情况下，施用磷肥能促进芋艿正常生长。     

Differences Among Rice Cultivars in their Adaptation to Low Ionic Strength Solution with Toxic Level of Aluminum that Mimics Tropical Acid Soil Conditions

Nutrient deficiencies are often an additional growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Considering the potential interactions between Al stress and low-nutrient stress, differences among rice cultivars for Al tolerance, low-nutrient tolerance, and combined stress tolerance were investigated. The main objective of this study was to identify the predominant growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Tolerance to low nutrient stress and combined stress did not show any relationship with aluminum (Al) tolerance indicating that these stress factors act independently. Al-tolerant cv. Rikuu-132 was tolerant to combined stress. Conversely, highly Al-sensitive cv. BR34 was most tolerant to combined and low nutrient stress. Combined stress tolerance of shoot was positively correlated with calcium (Ca) content of shoot. The results indicate that Al tolerance alone is not adequate for superior performance on most acid soils. Tolerance to combined stress factors would be needed to improve productivity of rice on low fertility acid soils.     

日粮蛋白质水平对笼养育成蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响

试验采用单因素随机分组处理内等重复的设计,选择健康5周龄金定蛋鸭144只,以玉米-豆粕型日粮为基础,在代谢能为11.7MJ·kg-1的情况下,依据粗蛋白CP水平分为13%,16%,19%3个处理,每个处理设8个重复,每重复6只试鸭,进行生长代谢实验和分析血液生化指标来揭示日粮蛋白质水平对体内酸碱平衡的影响。结果表明,在试验期内日采食量CP为13%的高于其他两组且差异显著(P<0.05),日增重和饲料效率各处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清pH、碱储、钠、钙、磷、镁离子的浓度差异不显著(P>0.05),阴离子间隙、渗透压、二氧化碳浓度、钾离子和氯离子浓度差异显著。代谢试验表明,磷、铜、钙、镁、锰、钠、钾等矿物元素的代谢率各组差异显著(P<0.05),其中CP为19%组显著低于其他两组,锌的代谢率差异不显著。蛋白质代谢率随日粮蛋白质的增加呈下降趋势,CP为13%组的蛋白代谢率显著高于其他组。     

陕西省生态系统水源涵养功能评估分析

以陕西省为研究对象,基于水量平衡法并结合GIS空间分析与线性回归法,对2000—2014年区域生态系统水源涵养功能动态变化进行科学评估和重要性评价,并以此为方向探讨区域生态红线规划。结果表明:(1)陕西省水源涵养能力南北高,中间低,空间差异显著,单元水源涵养量为0～800.90 mm;近15年水源涵养功能增加区域面积占研究区总面积的86.71%,总水源涵养量呈"整体上升,局部下降"特征。(2)气候要素与水源涵养量相关性较强,植被类型也影响着水源涵养的空间特性。植被类型中,森林是生态系统水源涵养的主体,其中,水源涵养能力为:常绿阔叶林常绿针叶林落叶阔叶林落叶针叶林。(3)研究区内水源涵养量200 mm的区域占总面积的65.12%,整体水源涵养生态价值不高;综合划定水源涵养生态保护红线面积约77 593.31 km~2,占总面积的37.70%,主要分布在秦岭中西部高山区、汉水谷地以南以及延河流域以北,生态系统类型以林地为主。     

元谋干热河谷不同水分处理石榴的水量平衡研究

对元谋干热河谷微区域集水造林试验区不同水分处理下石榴的水量平衡研究结果表明:(1)降雨和坡面汇集径流是集水系统植树带的水分输入,其中降雨占输入的90.2%;坡面汇集径流量占水分输入量的9.8%。蒸散是水分输出项,整个生长季内,不同水分处理的土壤水分均有盈余,但不同水分处理间的蒸散量和土壤水分盈余量存在差异,土壤含水率为10.08%,11.63%,13.23%,14.79%,16.85%和19.14%的总蒸散量分别占系统水分输入的44.5%,60.8%,67.0%,82.0%,85.4%和87.0%;土壤水分盈余量分别占系统水分输入的55.5%,39.2%,33.0%,18.0%,14.6%和13.0%,表现出蒸散量随土壤含水率的增大而增大,土壤水分盈余量随土壤含水率的增大而减小。(2)石榴的生长状况与土壤水分状况相关。土壤含水率的增加有利于石榴的生长发育。对于元谋干热河谷而言,土壤含水率控制在14%~15%的供水较好,这时,在节水的同时又对石榴的生长未造成严重影响。